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You will soon speak more beautifully about more argument-causing modern topics due to your (amazing knowledge). Overall, we show how corpus techniques are invaluable in not only locating absence but in identifying types of absence, in quantifying it and even in assisting the researcher to evaluate the relevance of absences.You will soon speak more eloquently about a greater number of contentious contemporary issues due to your erudition. We demonstrate too how certain concepts arising from corpus linguistics, in particular evaluative (semantic) prosody and lexical priming, are extremely relevant to research into absence. This is followed by an examination of how corpus linguistics has been able to address each of these kinds of absences and indeed, on occasion, is shown to be the only means by which certain absences could be examined. We begin by examining what absence might mean in a linguistic sense and distinguish among different varieties of absences, for instance, ‘known absence’ compared with ‘unknown absence’, absence from a sizeable corpus, from a limited set of texts or from a position in a single text, relative absence and absolute absence, and absence defined as ‘hidden from open view’, that is, hidden meaning. This paper addresses the charge sometimes made against corpus linguistics that, although CL may be suited to saying things about what is to be found in a dataset it cannot deal with absences, that is, items not to be found therein. Keywords: Irony Collocation Evaluation Corpus linguistics Corpus-assisted discourse studies As Louw (1993) points out, before the advent of language corpora, detecting sufficient instances of such use, which can be quite rare, was problematic, and this may explain why so little previous attention has been given to these phenomena. Corpus methodology is used to locate ironic uses of phrase templates for examination. However, it was also noted that by no means all reversal of normal collocational patterning is performed with an ironic intent, and so yet a further research question is how the circumstances when phrasal irony is at play might differ from those of simple counter-instances to the statistically normal collocational patterns of use. During the course of these investigations it was observed that, occasionally, the ironic use of a particular phrase or phrase template is found to be repeated frequently and productively and can therefore be said to have become a recognised usage in its own right. A second, very closely related question is how, why and where writers use it, and a third question is how it relates to other more familiar types of irony. The first research question is how phrasal irony is structured.
This paper is an examination of the as yet little-studied phenomenon of phrasal irony, defined as the reversal of customary collocational patterns of use of certain lexical items. Keywords: evaluation, corpus-assisted discourse studies, semantic prosody, suffixes, political linguistics Finally I look at the potential for irony in the invention and use of such items, and speculate that research into the use of lookalike particles to the ones discussed here in other languages could be of interest to translators. I hypothesise that this semi-hidden critical connotation may be the very reason for such items being coined. I investigated in particular whether new, ad hoc formations based on these particles, for example liberalocracy, in some way inherited the – generally negative - evaluative tendency. I then describe some of the further research and teaching I carried out on these topics. In the first part I discuss the methods used and observations which emerged from a couple of lessons I taught at the Scuola Superiore per Interpreti e Traduttori of the University of Bologna (SSLMIT), in which my students and I examined the evaluative prosodies of a number of items relating to forms of power, namely items which end in the word particles -cracy, -cratic, -archy, -archic.
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